Joshua 17 Study Notes: Manasseh's Land and Joseph's Complaint
Manasseh's western clans receive land, and Zelophehad's daughters claim the share the LORD had promised them through Moses. Manasseh fails to remove the Canaanites from several cities, and when Joseph's tribes complain of too little land, Joshua tells them to clear the forests and overcome the iron chariots.
General
What complaint did Joseph's descendants bring to Joshua in 17:14?
Answer: They had received just one share though they were very numerous
The descendants of Joseph, meaning the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, asked Joshua why he had given them only a single share when they were a large people whom the LORD had greatly blessed (17:14). Their growth was real. Jacob had called Joseph a fruitful vine (Genesis 49:22), had said both of Joseph's sons would become great peoples (Genesis 48:19), and Moses had spoken of the tens of thousands of Ephraim and Manasseh's thousands (Deuteronomy 33:17). The complaint rested on a genuine blessing, but Joshua's reply in the next verses shows that room to grow was already within their reach.
- Joshua 17:14 (BSB)“Then the sons of Joseph said to Joshua, “Why have you given us only one portion as an inheritance? We have many people, because the LORD has blessed us abundantly.””The sons of Joseph complain to Joshua about receiving one portion despite their numbers.
- Genesis 49:22 (BSB)“Joseph is a fruitful vine—a fruitful vine by a spring, whose branches scale the wall.”Jacob had described Joseph as a fruitful vine, foretelling his growth.
- Deuteronomy 33:17 (BSB)“His majesty is like a firstborn bull, and his horns are like those of a wild ox. With them he will gore the nations, even to the ends of the earth. Such are the myriads of Ephraim, and such are the thousands of Manasseh.””Moses' blessing speaks of the myriads of Ephraim and the thousands of Manasseh.
- Genesis 48:19 (BSB)“But his father refused. “I know, my son, I know!” he said. “He too shall become a people, and he too shall be great; nevertheless, his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his offspring shall become a multitude of nations.””Jacob foretold that both of Joseph's sons would become great peoples.
Theological
What did Joseph's descendants object to in their appeal to Joshua in 17:14?
Answer: They had received just one share though they were very numerous
Joseph's descendants protest that Joshua has given them only a single portion, though they are numerous through the LORD's blessing (17:14). The numerical growth fulfills earlier blessings: Jacob's oracle of Joseph as a fruitful vine (Genesis 49:22), his word that both sons would become great (Genesis 48:19), and Moses' blessing of Ephraim's and Manasseh's vast numbers (Deuteronomy 33:17). The grievance appeals to divine blessing, but Joshua's answer turns that very blessing back on them as the means to take more land.
- Joshua 17:14 (BSB)“Then the sons of Joseph said to Joshua, “Why have you given us only one portion as an inheritance? We have many people, because the LORD has blessed us abundantly.””The sons of Joseph complain to Joshua about receiving one portion despite their numbers.
- Genesis 49:22 (BSB)“Joseph is a fruitful vine—a fruitful vine by a spring, whose branches scale the wall.”Jacob had described Joseph as a fruitful vine, foretelling his growth.
- Deuteronomy 33:17 (BSB)“His majesty is like a firstborn bull, and his horns are like those of a wild ox. With them he will gore the nations, even to the ends of the earth. Such are the myriads of Ephraim, and such are the thousands of Manasseh.””Moses' blessing speaks of the myriads of Ephraim and the thousands of Manasseh.
- Genesis 48:19 (BSB)“But his father refused. “I know, my son, I know!” he said. “He too shall become a people, and he too shall be great; nevertheless, his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his offspring shall become a multitude of nations.””Jacob foretold that both of Joseph's sons would become great peoples.
General
When the Joseph tribes pointed to the Canaanites' iron chariots, what did Joshua tell them in reply (17:17-18)?
Answer: They were many and strong and could drive the Canaanites out
Joshua spoke to Joseph's two tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh, and turned their argument around. They were indeed many and strong, so they would not be limited to one portion; the forested hill country would be theirs to clear to its farthest edges, and even though the Canaanites had iron chariots and were strong, they could drive them out (17:17-18). Moses had told Israel not to fear horses and chariots, because the LORD who brought them out of Egypt was with them (Deuteronomy 20:1), and later the LORD did rout a chariot army before Israel (Judges 4:15).
- Joshua 17:17-18 (BSB)“So Joshua said to the house of Joseph—to Ephraim and Manasseh—“You have many people and great strength. You shall not have just one allotment, because the hill country will be yours as well. It is a forest; clear it, and its farthest limits will be yours. Although the Canaanites have iron chariots and although they are strong, you can drive them out.””Joshua answers the house of Joseph that they will have more than one allotment and can drive out the Canaanites.
- Deuteronomy 20:1 (BSB)“When you go out to war against your enemies and see horses, chariots, and an army larger than yours, do not be afraid of them; for the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, is with you.”Israel was told not to fear chariots, because the LORD was with them.
- Judges 4:15 (BSB)“And in front of him the LORD routed with the sword Sisera, all his charioteers, and all his army. Sisera abandoned his chariot and fled on foot.”Later the LORD routed an army of chariots before Israel.
Theological
What was Joshua's answer to the Joseph tribes' objection about iron chariots (17:17-18)?
Answer: They were many and strong and could drive the Canaanites out
Addressing Joseph's descendants, Ephraim and Manasseh together, Joshua concedes their numbers and strength and uses them as the answer: they will have more than one allotment, the forested hill country is theirs to clear to its limits, and despite the Canaanites' iron chariots and strength they are able to dispossess them (17:17-18). The answer echoes the law of war that Israel need not fear chariots because the LORD is with them (Deuteronomy 20:1), a confidence vindicated when the LORD later routed Sisera's chariots (Judges 4:15).
- Joshua 17:17-18 (BSB)“So Joshua said to the house of Joseph—to Ephraim and Manasseh—“You have many people and great strength. You shall not have just one allotment, because the hill country will be yours as well. It is a forest; clear it, and its farthest limits will be yours. Although the Canaanites have iron chariots and although they are strong, you can drive them out.””Joshua answers the house of Joseph that they will have more than one allotment and can drive out the Canaanites.
- Deuteronomy 20:1 (BSB)“When you go out to war against your enemies and see horses, chariots, and an army larger than yours, do not be afraid of them; for the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, is with you.”Israel was told not to fear chariots, because the LORD was with them.
- Judges 4:15 (BSB)“And in front of him the LORD routed with the sword Sisera, all his charioteers, and all his army. Sisera abandoned his chariot and fled on foot.”Later the LORD routed an army of chariots before Israel.
General
What did Joshua first tell the Joseph tribes to do in answer to their complaint (17:15)?
Answer: Clear the woods in Perizzite and Rephaite country
Joshua did not hand out an extra share. He told them that if they were so many that Ephraim's hill country felt too small, they should go into the woodland and cut out space for themselves where the Perizzites and Rephaim lived (17:15). Their large numbers were the very strength they needed to take more land. Joshua himself came from Ephraim (Numbers 13:8), yet he did not favor his own tribe with an extra share; the land he pointed them to was part of what God had promised, every place where they set foot (Joshua 1:3).
- Joshua 17:15 (BSB)“Joshua answered them, “If you have so many people that the hill country of Ephraim is too small for you, go to the forest and clear for yourself an area in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaim.””Joshua answers the Joseph tribes by telling them to clear forest land.
- Numbers 13:8 (BSB)“from the tribe of Ephraim, Hoshea son of Nun;”Joshua, then called Hoshea son of Nun, came from the tribe of Ephraim.
- Joshua 1:3 (BSB)“I have given you every place where the sole of your foot will tread, just as I promised to Moses.”God had promised to give Israel every place they set foot on.
Theological
What did Joshua first direct the Joseph tribes to do when they asked for more land (17:15)?
Answer: Clear the woods in Perizzite and Rephaite country
Joshua takes them at their word: if they are as numerous as they claim and their allotted highlands are too confined, they should go up into the woods and cut out land for themselves among the Perizzites and Rephaim (17:15). He grants no new lot. An Ephraimite himself (Numbers 13:8), Joshua shows no partiality, and his answer fits the promise that every place Israel treads has been given to them (Joshua 1:3), so possession requires their own effort.
- Joshua 17:15 (BSB)“Joshua answered them, “If you have so many people that the hill country of Ephraim is too small for you, go to the forest and clear for yourself an area in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaim.””Joshua answers the Joseph tribes by telling them to clear forest land.
- Numbers 13:8 (BSB)“from the tribe of Ephraim, Hoshea son of Nun;”Joshua, then called Hoshea son of Nun, came from the tribe of Ephraim.
- Joshua 1:3 (BSB)“I have given you every place where the sole of your foot will tread, just as I promised to Moses.”God had promised to give Israel every place they set foot on.
General
Why, according to 17:1, did Machir, Manasseh's firstborn, already hold Bashan and Gilead?
Answer: He was a proven fighter, skilled in battle
Joshua 17:1 explains that Machir, Manasseh's firstborn son and ancestor of the Gileadites, already held Bashan and Gilead because he was a warrior. These regions lay east of the Jordan River, in the area sometimes called the Transjordan. Numbers tells how Machir's descendants captured Gilead and expelled the Amorites, and Moses then gave it to them (Numbers 32:39-40; Deuteronomy 3:15). So the land described in Joshua 17 goes to Manasseh's remaining clans, west of the Jordan (17:2).
- Joshua 17:1 (BSB)“Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh as Joseph’s firstborn son, namely for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh and father of the Gileadites, who had received Gilead and Bashan because Machir was a man of war.”Manasseh's allotment begins by recalling that Machir's line already held Gilead and Bashan.
- Numbers 32:39-40 (BSB)“The descendants of Machir son of Manasseh went to Gilead, captured it, and drove out the Amorites who were there. So Moses gave Gilead to the clan of Machir son of Manasseh, and they settled there.”Machir's descendants captured Gilead, and Moses gave it to them.
- Deuteronomy 3:15 (BSB)“To Machir I gave Gilead,”Moses recalls giving Gilead to Machir.
Theological
What reason does 17:1 give for Machir's earlier holding of Bashan and Gilead?
Answer: He was a proven fighter, skilled in battle
The allotment for Manasseh opens by noting that Machir, Manasseh's firstborn and ancestor of the Gileadites, already held Gilead and Bashan east of the Jordan because he was a warrior (17:1). Numbers records the conquest of Gilead by Machir's line and Moses' grant of it to them (Numbers 32:39-40), which Moses recalls in Deuteronomy 3:15. The western lot in this chapter therefore goes to the remaining clans of Manasseh (17:2).
- Joshua 17:1 (BSB)“Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh as Joseph’s firstborn son, namely for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh and father of the Gileadites, who had received Gilead and Bashan because Machir was a man of war.”Manasseh's allotment begins by recalling that Machir's line already held Gilead and Bashan.
- Numbers 32:39-40 (BSB)“The descendants of Machir son of Manasseh went to Gilead, captured it, and drove out the Amorites who were there. So Moses gave Gilead to the clan of Machir son of Manasseh, and they settled there.”Machir's descendants captured Gilead, and Moses gave it to them.
- Deuteronomy 3:15 (BSB)“To Machir I gave Gilead,”Moses recalls giving Gilead to Machir.
General
What happened with the Canaanites living in the cities assigned to Manasseh (17:12-13)?
Answer: Israel later put them to work but never fully expelled them
At first the people of Manasseh could not take over these cities, since their Canaanite inhabitants were set on staying (17:12). Later, as Israel grew in strength, its people made the Canaanites do compulsory work, yet even then never removed them fully (17:13). Judges records the very same thing (Judges 1:27-28). Growing strength was used to make the Canaanites work rather than to finish what God had commanded (Deuteronomy 7:2), and later the angel of the LORD declared that these peoples would become thorns in Israel's side and their gods a trap (Judges 2:2-3).
- Joshua 17:12-13 (BSB)“But the descendants of Manasseh were unable to occupy these cities, because the Canaanites were determined to stay in this land. However, when the Israelites grew stronger, they put the Canaanites to forced labor; but they failed to drive them out completely.”Manasseh cannot take certain cities, and later uses the Canaanites as forced labor without fully driving them out.
- Judges 1:27-28 (BSB)“At that time Manasseh failed to drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shean, Taanach, Dor, Ibleam, Megiddo, and their villages; for the Canaanites were determined to dwell in that land. When Israel became stronger, they pressed the Canaanites into forced labor, but they never drove them out completely.”Judges records the same failure of Manasseh and the same use of forced labor.
- Deuteronomy 7:2 (BSB)“and when the LORD your God has delivered them over to you to defeat them, then you must devote them to complete destruction. Make no treaty with them and show them no mercy.”God had commanded Israel to make no treaty with the peoples of the land.
- Judges 2:2-3 (BSB)“and you are not to make a covenant with the people of this land, but you shall tear down their altars.’ Yet you have not obeyed My voice. What is this you have done? So now I tell you that I will not drive out these people before you; they will be thorns in your sides, and their gods will be a snare to you.””The angel of the LORD later declares that the peoples left in the land will be thorns and their gods a snare.
Theological
How does 17:12-13 describe Manasseh's dealings with the Canaanites in its assigned cities?
Answer: Israel later put them to work but never fully expelled them
Manasseh was initially unable to occupy the cities since their Canaanite inhabitants were resolved to stay (17:12); when Israel grew stronger, it subjected them to forced labor yet never fully dispossessed them (17:13). Judges 1:27-28 repeats the account almost exactly. Strength was turned to forced labor rather than to the obedience required in Deuteronomy 7:2, and the later verdict spoken by the angel of the LORD was that the remaining peoples would become thorns and their gods a snare (Judges 2:2-3).
- Joshua 17:12-13 (BSB)“But the descendants of Manasseh were unable to occupy these cities, because the Canaanites were determined to stay in this land. However, when the Israelites grew stronger, they put the Canaanites to forced labor; but they failed to drive them out completely.”Manasseh cannot take certain cities, and later uses the Canaanites as forced labor without fully driving them out.
- Judges 1:27-28 (BSB)“At that time Manasseh failed to drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shean, Taanach, Dor, Ibleam, Megiddo, and their villages; for the Canaanites were determined to dwell in that land. When Israel became stronger, they pressed the Canaanites into forced labor, but they never drove them out completely.”Judges records the same failure of Manasseh and the same use of forced labor.
- Deuteronomy 7:2 (BSB)“and when the LORD your God has delivered them over to you to defeat them, then you must devote them to complete destruction. Make no treaty with them and show them no mercy.”God had commanded Israel to make no treaty with the peoples of the land.
- Judges 2:2-3 (BSB)“and you are not to make a covenant with the people of this land, but you shall tear down their altars.’ Yet you have not obeyed My voice. What is this you have done? So now I tell you that I will not drive out these people before you; they will be thorns in your sides, and their gods will be a snare to you.””The angel of the LORD later declares that the peoples left in the land will be thorns and their gods a snare.
General
True or False: In 17:16 it is Joshua who brings up the Canaanites' iron chariots, as a reason the Joseph tribes should accept less land.
Answer: False
This is false. The iron chariots were the Joseph tribes' objection, not Joshua's. After Joshua told them to clear the forest, they answered that the highlands were not enough for them and that the Canaanites in the valley, at Beth-shean and in the Jezreel Valley, had iron chariots (17:16). Judah faced the same problem in the plains (Judges 1:19), and later an enemy king oppressed Israel with nine hundred such chariots (Judges 4:3). Joshua's reply in 17:17-18 answers this fear directly.
- Joshua 17:16 (BSB)““The hill country is not enough for us,” they replied, “and all the Canaanites who live in the valley have iron chariots, both in Beth-shean with its towns and in the Valley of Jezreel.””The Joseph tribes reply that the hill country is not enough and that the valley Canaanites have iron chariots.
- Judges 1:19 (BSB)“The LORD was with Judah, and they took possession of the hill country; but they could not drive out the inhabitants of the plains because they had chariots of iron.”Judah's failure in the plains is also linked to iron chariots, though the LORD was with Judah.
- Judges 4:3 (BSB)“Then the Israelites cried out to the LORD, because Jabin had nine hundred chariots of iron, and he had harshly oppressed the Israelites for twenty years.”Later an enemy king oppresses Israel with nine hundred iron chariots.
Theological
True or False: The objection about iron chariots in 17:16 comes from Joshua, who uses it to temper the Joseph tribes' demands.
Answer: False
This is false. The speakers in 17:16 are Joseph's descendants: responding to Joshua's command to clear the forest, they protest that the highlands are insufficient and that the valley Canaanites of Beth-shean and Jezreel possess iron chariots. The same military obstacle stalls Judah in the plains (Judges 1:19) and later becomes the instrument of Canaanite oppression (Judges 4:3). Joshua is the one who answers the objection, in 17:17-18.
- Joshua 17:16 (BSB)““The hill country is not enough for us,” they replied, “and all the Canaanites who live in the valley have iron chariots, both in Beth-shean with its towns and in the Valley of Jezreel.””The Joseph tribes reply that the hill country is not enough and that the valley Canaanites have iron chariots.
- Judges 1:19 (BSB)“The LORD was with Judah, and they took possession of the hill country; but they could not drive out the inhabitants of the plains because they had chariots of iron.”Judah's failure in the plains is also linked to iron chariots, though the LORD was with Judah.
- Judges 4:3 (BSB)“Then the Israelites cried out to the LORD, because Jabin had nine hundred chariots of iron, and he had harshly oppressed the Israelites for twenty years.”Later an enemy king oppresses Israel with nine hundred iron chariots.
General
When Zelophehad's daughters came to Joshua, Eleazar the priest, and the leaders, what did they appeal to (17:3-4)?
Answer: A ruling the LORD had already given through Moses
Zelophehad, from Manasseh's tribe, had no sons, only five daughters (17:3). They came before Joshua, Eleazar the priest, and the tribal leaders, reminding them that the LORD had instructed Moses to give them a share of land along with their male relatives (17:4). This goes back to the wilderness, when the same daughters asked Moses for property so that their father's name would not disappear (Numbers 27:4). Moses took their case to the LORD, and the LORD said they were right and must be given an inheritance, meaning a permanent share of the family land (Numbers 27:7). Now, years later, they hold the leaders to that word.
- Joshua 17:3-4 (BSB)“But Zelophehad son of Hepher (the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh) had no sons but only daughters. These are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. They approached Eleazar the priest, Joshua son of Nun, and the leaders, and said, “The LORD commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brothers.” So Joshua gave them an inheritance among their father’s brothers, in keeping with the command of the LORD.”Zelophehad's daughters come to Eleazar, Joshua, and the leaders and appeal to the LORD's command through Moses.
- Numbers 27:4 (BSB)“Why should the name of our father disappear from his clan because he had no sons? Give us property among our father’s brothers.””In the wilderness the daughters had asked Moses for property among their father's brothers.
- Numbers 27:7 (BSB)““The daughters of Zelophehad speak correctly. You certainly must give them property as an inheritance among their father’s brothers and transfer their father’s inheritance to them.”The LORD ruled that their request was right and that they must receive an inheritance.
Theological
On what basis did Zelophehad's daughters claim an inheritance before Eleazar, Joshua, and the leaders (17:3-4)?
Answer: A ruling the LORD had already given through Moses
Zelophehad had no male heirs (17:3), and his daughters base their claim not on custom or merit but on the LORD's prior command through Moses (17:4). That command arose from their own petition in the wilderness, when they asked that their father's name not be lost from his clan (Numbers 27:4), and the LORD ruled that they spoke rightly and must receive property alongside their uncles (Numbers 27:7). The scene shows God's word through Moses carried forward into the allotment under Joshua.
- Joshua 17:3-4 (BSB)“But Zelophehad son of Hepher (the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh) had no sons but only daughters. These are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. They approached Eleazar the priest, Joshua son of Nun, and the leaders, and said, “The LORD commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brothers.” So Joshua gave them an inheritance among their father’s brothers, in keeping with the command of the LORD.”Zelophehad's daughters come to Eleazar, Joshua, and the leaders and appeal to the LORD's command through Moses.
- Numbers 27:4 (BSB)“Why should the name of our father disappear from his clan because he had no sons? Give us property among our father’s brothers.””In the wilderness the daughters had asked Moses for property among their father's brothers.
- Numbers 27:7 (BSB)““The daughters of Zelophehad speak correctly. You certainly must give them property as an inheritance among their father’s brothers and transfer their father’s inheritance to them.”The LORD ruled that their request was right and that they must receive an inheritance.
General
True or False: The text gives the land granted to Zelophehad's daughters as the reason Manasseh received ten shares west of the Jordan.
Answer: True
This is true. After Joshua gave the daughters land among their uncles following the LORD's command (17:4), the text explains that Manasseh's portion west of the Jordan came to ten shares, besides Manasseh's lands on the far side of the river, because the daughters received an inheritance along with the sons (17:5-6). The daughters' land was counted as part of the tribe's own allotment. The LORD had also made sure it would not pass to another tribe: the daughters were to marry within their father's tribe (Numbers 36:6-7), and they did, each marrying a paternal cousin (Numbers 36:10-11).
- Joshua 17:4-6 (BSB)“They approached Eleazar the priest, Joshua son of Nun, and the leaders, and said, “The LORD commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brothers.” So Joshua gave them an inheritance among their father’s brothers, in keeping with the command of the LORD. Thus ten shares fell to Manasseh, in addition to the land of Gilead and Bashan beyond the Jordan, because the daughters of Manasseh received an inheritance among his sons. And the land of Gilead belonged to the rest of the sons of Manasseh.”Joshua grants the daughters land among their father's brothers, and the text gives their inheritance as the reason for Manasseh's ten shares.
- Numbers 36:6-7 (BSB)“This is what the LORD has commanded concerning the daughters of Zelophehad: They may marry anyone they please, provided they marry within a clan of the tribe of their father. No inheritance in Israel may be transferred from tribe to tribe, because each of the Israelites is to retain the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers.”The LORD required the daughters to marry within their father's tribe so the land stayed with the tribe.
- Numbers 36:10-11 (BSB)“So the daughters of Zelophehad did as the LORD had commanded Moses. Mahlah, Tirzah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married to cousins on their father’s side.”The daughters obeyed and married cousins on their father's side.
Theological
True or False: According to 17:5-6, the inheritance given to Zelophehad's daughters is the stated reason Manasseh's western portion came to ten shares.
Answer: True
This is true. Once Joshua had honored the daughters' claim according to the LORD's command (17:4), the narrator explains Manasseh's ten western shares, besides the eastern lands, by the daughters' receiving an inheritance among the sons (17:5-6). Their portion is reckoned within the tribe's own allotment, and the LORD's further ruling kept it there: the daughters were to marry within their father's tribe so that no inheritance would move between tribes (Numbers 36:6-7), which they obeyed by marrying their paternal cousins (Numbers 36:10-11).
- Joshua 17:4-6 (BSB)“They approached Eleazar the priest, Joshua son of Nun, and the leaders, and said, “The LORD commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brothers.” So Joshua gave them an inheritance among their father’s brothers, in keeping with the command of the LORD. Thus ten shares fell to Manasseh, in addition to the land of Gilead and Bashan beyond the Jordan, because the daughters of Manasseh received an inheritance among his sons. And the land of Gilead belonged to the rest of the sons of Manasseh.”Joshua grants the daughters land among their father's brothers, and the text gives their inheritance as the reason for Manasseh's ten shares.
- Numbers 36:6-7 (BSB)“This is what the LORD has commanded concerning the daughters of Zelophehad: They may marry anyone they please, provided they marry within a clan of the tribe of their father. No inheritance in Israel may be transferred from tribe to tribe, because each of the Israelites is to retain the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers.”The LORD required the daughters to marry within their father's tribe so the land stayed with the tribe.
- Numbers 36:10-11 (BSB)“So the daughters of Zelophehad did as the LORD had commanded Moses. Mahlah, Tirzah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married to cousins on their father’s side.”The daughters obeyed and married cousins on their father's side.