2 Chronicles 11 Study Notes: Rehoboam Fortifies Judah
The prophet Shemaiah stops Rehoboam from going to war against the northern tribes, and the king strengthens the towns of Judah instead. Priests, Levites, and faithful worshipers from the north move to Jerusalem after Jeroboam rejects them, and Rehoboam names his son Abijah as heir.
General
What did Rehoboam do with Abijah, the son of his favorite wife Maacah (2 Chronicles 11:21-22)?
Answer: He made him leader over his brothers, planning for him to be king
Of all his wives, Rehoboam loved Maacah, Absalom’s daughter, the most (11:21). He set her son Abijah over his brothers as chief prince, since he intended Abijah to reign after him (11:22). He also showed wisdom in spreading several of his sons out through the districts and strongholds of his kingdom and giving them plenty of supplies (11:23). His plan for Abijah came to pass: when Rehoboam died, Abijah succeeded him (12:16) and took the throne of Judah (13:1).
- 2 Chronicles 11:21-22 (BSB)“Rehoboam loved Maacah daughter of Absalom more than all his wives and concubines. In all, he had eighteen wives and sixty concubines, and he was the father of twenty-eight sons and sixty daughters. Rehoboam appointed Abijah son of Maacah as chief prince among his brothers, intending to make him king.”Rehoboam loves Maacah most and appoints her son Abijah chief prince, intending to make him king.
- 2 Chronicles 11:23 (BSB)“Rehoboam also acted wisely by dispersing some of his sons throughout the districts of Judah and Benjamin, and to all the fortified cities. He gave them abundant provisions and sought many wives for them.”Rehoboam wisely spreads several of his sons through the districts and fortified cities.
- 2 Chronicles 12:16 (BSB)“And Rehoboam rested with his fathers and was buried in the City of David. And his son Abijah reigned in his place.”At Rehoboam’s death his son Abijah reigns in his place.
- 2 Chronicles 13:1 (BSB)“In the eighteenth year of Jeroboam’s reign, Abijah became king of Judah,”Abijah becomes king of Judah.
Theological
What position did Rehoboam give Maacah’s son Abijah, and with what intention (2 Chronicles 11:21-22)?
Answer: He made him leader over his brothers, planning for him to be king
Rehoboam favored Absalom’s daughter Maacah above all his wives (11:21) and set her son Abijah at the head of his brothers, since he meant him to be the next king (11:22). He also dispersed several of his sons through the districts and fortified cities with ample provision, a move called wise (11:23). The arrangement held: Abijah succeeded his father (12:16) and took the throne of Judah (13:1), setting up the next chapter’s account of his reign.
- 2 Chronicles 11:21-22 (BSB)“Rehoboam loved Maacah daughter of Absalom more than all his wives and concubines. In all, he had eighteen wives and sixty concubines, and he was the father of twenty-eight sons and sixty daughters. Rehoboam appointed Abijah son of Maacah as chief prince among his brothers, intending to make him king.”Rehoboam loves Maacah most and appoints her son Abijah chief prince, intending to make him king.
- 2 Chronicles 11:23 (BSB)“Rehoboam also acted wisely by dispersing some of his sons throughout the districts of Judah and Benjamin, and to all the fortified cities. He gave them abundant provisions and sought many wives for them.”Rehoboam wisely spreads several of his sons through the districts and fortified cities.
- 2 Chronicles 12:16 (BSB)“And Rehoboam rested with his fathers and was buried in the City of David. And his son Abijah reigned in his place.”At Rehoboam’s death his son Abijah reigns in his place.
- 2 Chronicles 13:1 (BSB)“In the eighteenth year of Jeroboam’s reign, Abijah became king of Judah,”Abijah becomes king of Judah.
General
Besides the Levites, who else came to Jerusalem from the northern tribes, and why (2 Chronicles 11:16)?
Answer: People devoted to seeking the LORD, coming to offer Him sacrifices
People from all over Israel who were determined to seek their God came south behind the Levites, so that they could offer sacrifices to Him in Jerusalem (11:16). The LORD had told Israel to worship at the place He would choose as the home of His Name (Deuteronomy 12:5), and for these people that place was worth leaving home for. Moses promised that wholehearted seekers will find the LORD (Deuteronomy 4:29), and a psalm says one day in God’s courts outweighs a thousand spent anywhere else (Psalm 84:10). This is the very thing the next chapter says Rehoboam himself failed to do (12:14).
- 2 Chronicles 11:16 (BSB)“Those from every tribe of Israel who had set their hearts to seek the LORD their God followed the Levites to Jerusalem to sacrifice to the LORD, the God of their fathers.”Those from every tribe who had set their hearts to seek the LORD come to Jerusalem to sacrifice.
- Deuteronomy 12:5 (BSB)“Instead, you must seek the place the LORD your God will choose from among all your tribes to establish as a dwelling for His Name, and there you must go.”Israel was to seek the place the LORD would choose for His Name and go there.
- Deuteronomy 4:29 (BSB)“But if from there you will seek the LORD your God, you will find Him if you seek Him with all your heart and with all your soul.”Moses promises that those who seek the LORD with all their heart will find Him.
- Psalm 84:10 (BSB)“For better is one day in Your courts than a thousand elsewhere. I would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God than dwell in the tents of the wicked.”The psalmist values a day in God’s courts above a thousand elsewhere.
Theological
Who followed the Levites south to Jerusalem, and for what purpose (2 Chronicles 11:16)?
Answer: People devoted to seeking the LORD, coming to offer Him sacrifices
Alongside the Levites came people from all the tribes whose hearts were resolved on seeking their God, traveling to Jerusalem to offer sacrifice (11:16). Their move reflects the requirement in Deuteronomy to worship at the site God would choose for His Name (Deuteronomy 12:5) and the promise that wholehearted seekers will find Him (Deuteronomy 4:29). The psalmist’s preference for a single day in God’s courts (Psalm 84:10) describes their choice. Seeking the LORD with a set heart is one of Chronicles’ governing themes, and the same phrase supplies the verdict on Rehoboam, who did not do it (12:14).
- 2 Chronicles 11:16 (BSB)“Those from every tribe of Israel who had set their hearts to seek the LORD their God followed the Levites to Jerusalem to sacrifice to the LORD, the God of their fathers.”Those from every tribe who had set their hearts to seek the LORD come to Jerusalem to sacrifice.
- Deuteronomy 12:5 (BSB)“Instead, you must seek the place the LORD your God will choose from among all your tribes to establish as a dwelling for His Name, and there you must go.”Israel was to seek the place the LORD would choose for His Name and go there.
- Deuteronomy 4:29 (BSB)“But if from there you will seek the LORD your God, you will find Him if you seek Him with all your heart and with all your soul.”Moses promises that those who seek the LORD with all their heart will find Him.
- Psalm 84:10 (BSB)“For better is one day in Your courts than a thousand elsewhere. I would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God than dwell in the tents of the wicked.”The psalmist values a day in God’s courts above a thousand elsewhere.
General
Why did the northern priests and Levites leave their land and property and move south to Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 11:13-14)?
Answer: Jeroboam had shut them out of serving as priests to the LORD
The Levites were the tribe God set apart to serve at His sanctuary, and the priests came from Aaron’s family within that tribe. They gave up their pasturelands and property and moved south, since Jeroboam and his family had refused to let them serve as the LORD’s priests (11:13-14). In their place Jeroboam put in priests of his own choosing to serve at the high places (hilltop shrines for worship outside the place God had chosen), and to serve the calf idols of his own making and even goat demons (11:15). God’s law reserved the priesthood for Aaron’s family alone (Numbers 3:10), and it forbade sacrificing to goat demons (Leviticus 17:7). Later Abijah would charge the north with exactly this: driving out the LORD’s priests and making priests of their own (13:9).
- 2 Chronicles 11:14-15 (BSB)“For the Levites left their pasturelands and their possessions and went to Judah and Jerusalem, because Jeroboam and his sons had rejected them as priests of the LORD. And Jeroboam appointed his own priests for the high places and for the goat demons and calf idols he had made.”The Levites leave their lands because Jeroboam rejected them, and he appoints his own priests.
- Numbers 3:10 (BSB)“So you shall appoint Aaron and his sons to carry out the duties of the priesthood; but any outsider who approaches the tabernacle must be put to death.””The LORD gave the duties of the priesthood to Aaron and his sons.
- Leviticus 17:7 (BSB)“They must no longer offer their sacrifices to the goat demons to which they have prostituted themselves. This will be a permanent statute for them for the generations to come.’”The law forbade Israel to offer sacrifices to goat demons.
- 2 Chronicles 13:9 (BSB)“But did you not drive out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites? And did you not make priests for yourselves as do the peoples of other lands? Now whoever comes to consecrate himself with a young bull and seven rams can become a priest of things that are not gods.”Abijah later accuses Israel of driving out the priests of the LORD and making priests of their own.
Theological
What reason does the text give for the Levitical priesthood abandoning its northern holdings for Judah (2 Chronicles 11:13-15)?
Answer: Jeroboam had shut them out of serving as priests to the LORD
The Levites gave up their pasturelands and property to relocate to Jerusalem, since Jeroboam and his house had excluded them from the LORD’s priesthood (11:13-14). Jeroboam installed a priesthood of his own to serve the hilltop shrines, his calf idols, and even goat demons (11:15). This was a direct breach of the Mosaic order, which restricted the priesthood to Aaron’s line (Numbers 3:10) and prohibited sacrifice to goat demons (Leviticus 17:7). Abijah’s later indictment of the north rests on the same facts (13:9). Holding to the LORD’s appointed worship cost these Levites their lands and their property.
- 2 Chronicles 11:14-15 (BSB)“For the Levites left their pasturelands and their possessions and went to Judah and Jerusalem, because Jeroboam and his sons had rejected them as priests of the LORD. And Jeroboam appointed his own priests for the high places and for the goat demons and calf idols he had made.”The Levites leave their lands because Jeroboam rejected them, and he appoints his own priests.
- Numbers 3:10 (BSB)“So you shall appoint Aaron and his sons to carry out the duties of the priesthood; but any outsider who approaches the tabernacle must be put to death.””The LORD gave the duties of the priesthood to Aaron and his sons.
- Leviticus 17:7 (BSB)“They must no longer offer their sacrifices to the goat demons to which they have prostituted themselves. This will be a permanent statute for them for the generations to come.’”The law forbade Israel to offer sacrifices to goat demons.
- 2 Chronicles 13:9 (BSB)“But did you not drive out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites? And did you not make priests for yourselves as do the peoples of other lands? Now whoever comes to consecrate himself with a young bull and seven rams can become a priest of things that are not gods.”Abijah later accuses Israel of driving out the priests of the LORD and making priests of their own.
General
After the war was called off, what did Rehoboam do while he lived in Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 11:5-12)?
Answer: He strengthened towns across Judah and Benjamin to guard the land
Rehoboam stayed in Jerusalem and built up a network of defended towns, including Bethlehem, Tekoa, Lachish, and Hebron (11:5-10). He made their defenses stronger, put commanders in them, stocked them with provisions, and supplied shields and spears (11:11-12). As a result, Judah and Benjamin were firmly his (11:12). Yet walls could not protect Judah once the king and people turned away from the LORD: a few years later Shishak of Egypt captured these very towns (12:2-4). As Solomon’s psalm says, guards keep watch for nothing unless the LORD Himself protects a city (Psalm 127:1).
- 2 Chronicles 11:11-12 (BSB)“He strengthened their fortifications and put officers in them, with supplies of food, oil, and wine. He also put shields and spears in all the cities and strengthened them greatly. So Judah and Benjamin belonged to him.”Rehoboam strengthens the towns with commanders, supplies, and weapons, and Judah and Benjamin are his.
- 2 Chronicles 12:2-4 (BSB)“In the fifth year of Rehoboam’s reign, because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, Shishak king of Egypt attacked Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots, 60,000 horsemen, and countless troops who came with him out of Egypt—Libyans, Sukkites, and Cushites. He captured the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as Jerusalem.”Because of unfaithfulness, Shishak captures the fortified cities of Judah and reaches Jerusalem.
- Psalm 127:1 (BSB)“A song of ascents. Of Solomon. Unless the LORD builds the house, its builders labor in vain; unless the LORD protects the city, its watchmen stand guard in vain.”The psalm teaches that guards stand watch in vain unless the LORD protects the city.
Theological
How does Rehoboam secure his kingdom after he abandons the war against Israel (2 Chronicles 11:5-12)?
Answer: He strengthened towns across Judah and Benjamin to guard the land
Rehoboam turned to consolidating what remained, building up a network of defended towns such as Bethlehem, Tekoa, Lachish, and Hebron (11:5-10), and equipping them with commanders, provisions, and weapons (11:11-12), so that Judah and Benjamin were secured to him (11:12). The sequel shows the limits of such defenses: when king and people proved unfaithful, Shishak seized Judah’s strongholds and reached Jerusalem (12:2-4). Judah’s security finally rested with the LORD who guards the city (Psalm 127:1).
- 2 Chronicles 11:11-12 (BSB)“He strengthened their fortifications and put officers in them, with supplies of food, oil, and wine. He also put shields and spears in all the cities and strengthened them greatly. So Judah and Benjamin belonged to him.”Rehoboam strengthens the towns with commanders, supplies, and weapons, and Judah and Benjamin are his.
- 2 Chronicles 12:2-4 (BSB)“In the fifth year of Rehoboam’s reign, because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, Shishak king of Egypt attacked Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots, 60,000 horsemen, and countless troops who came with him out of Egypt—Libyans, Sukkites, and Cushites. He captured the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as Jerusalem.”Because of unfaithfulness, Shishak captures the fortified cities of Judah and reaches Jerusalem.
- Psalm 127:1 (BSB)“A song of ascents. Of Solomon. Unless the LORD builds the house, its builders labor in vain; unless the LORD protects the city, its watchmen stand guard in vain.”The psalm teaches that guards stand watch in vain unless the LORD protects the city.
General
Rehoboam gathered an army to win back the northern tribes. Why did the LORD, through Shemaiah, tell them not to fight (2 Chronicles 11:2-4)?
Answer: The LORD said the splitting of the kingdom was His own work
Rehoboam called up chosen warriors from Judah and Benjamin to take the kingdom back by force (11:1). But the LORD gave a message to Shemaiah, a man of God (that is, a prophet who spoke God’s words): Rehoboam and his men were not to fight their brothers in the north, but every man was to go home, because the LORD Himself had brought the split about (11:2-4). The chapter before already said that what happened at Shechem came from God, who was keeping the promise He had made to Jeroboam through the prophet Ahijah (10:15). Ahijah had announced that the LORD would tear the kingdom from Solomon’s hand and give ten tribes to Jeroboam (1 Kings 11:31). People can make many plans, but the LORD’s purpose is what stands (Proverbs 19:21).
- 2 Chronicles 11:2-4 (BSB)“But the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the man of God: “Tell Rehoboam son of Solomon king of Judah and all the Israelites in Judah and Benjamin that this is what the LORD says: ‘You are not to go up and fight against your brothers. Each of you must return home, for this is My doing.’” So they listened to the words of the LORD and turned back from going against Jeroboam.”Shemaiah forbids the war and gives the LORD’s reason, and the people turn back.
- 2 Chronicles 10:15 (BSB)“So the king did not listen to the people, and indeed this turn of events was from God, in order that the LORD might fulfill the word that He had spoken through Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam son of Nebat.”The previous chapter traces the turn of events to God, fulfilling His word through Ahijah.
- 1 Kings 11:31 (BSB)“and said to Jeroboam, “Take ten pieces for yourself, for this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Behold, I will tear the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and I will give you ten tribes.”Ahijah’s prophecy announced that the LORD would give ten tribes to Jeroboam.
- Proverbs 19:21 (BSB)“Many plans are in a man’s heart, but the purpose of the LORD will prevail.”Human plans give way to the purpose of the LORD, which prevails.
Theological
What reason does the LORD give through Shemaiah for forbidding Rehoboam’s campaign against Israel (2 Chronicles 11:2-4)?
Answer: The LORD said the splitting of the kingdom was His own work
Rehoboam mustered chosen troops from Judah and Benjamin to restore the kingdom by force (11:1). The LORD intervened through His prophet Shemaiah: the southern army was not to fight its brothers, and each man was to return home, because the division was the LORD’s own doing (11:2-4). The breach at Shechem had already been traced to God, who was fulfilling His word spoken through Ahijah (10:15), the prophecy that the LORD would tear the kingdom from Solomon and give ten tribes to Jeroboam (1 Kings 11:31). Human folly and sin brought the split about, yet God ruled over it to accomplish His announced purpose, and no royal plan could overturn it (Proverbs 19:21).
- 2 Chronicles 11:2-4 (BSB)“But the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the man of God: “Tell Rehoboam son of Solomon king of Judah and all the Israelites in Judah and Benjamin that this is what the LORD says: ‘You are not to go up and fight against your brothers. Each of you must return home, for this is My doing.’” So they listened to the words of the LORD and turned back from going against Jeroboam.”Shemaiah forbids the war and gives the LORD’s reason, and the people turn back.
- 2 Chronicles 10:15 (BSB)“So the king did not listen to the people, and indeed this turn of events was from God, in order that the LORD might fulfill the word that He had spoken through Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam son of Nebat.”The previous chapter traces the turn of events to God, fulfilling His word through Ahijah.
- 1 Kings 11:31 (BSB)“and said to Jeroboam, “Take ten pieces for yourself, for this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Behold, I will tear the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and I will give you ten tribes.”Ahijah’s prophecy announced that the LORD would give ten tribes to Jeroboam.
- Proverbs 19:21 (BSB)“Many plans are in a man’s heart, but the purpose of the LORD will prevail.”Human plans give way to the purpose of the LORD, which prevails.
General
True or False: Rehoboam and his army ignored Shemaiah’s message and marched against Jeroboam anyway (2 Chronicles 11:4).
Answer: False
This is false. Rehoboam and his men obeyed what the LORD said and gave up their march against Jeroboam (11:4). At this point the king listened to God, even though it meant letting the northern tribes go. The parallel account in 1 Kings records the same obedience (1 Kings 12:24). Scripture values this kind of response: Samuel told Saul that God prizes obeying Him above offering sacrifices (1 Samuel 15:22), and James tells believers to put God’s word into practice, not only to listen to it (James 1:22).
- 2 Chronicles 11:4 (BSB)“that this is what the LORD says: ‘You are not to go up and fight against your brothers. Each of you must return home, for this is My doing.’” So they listened to the words of the LORD and turned back from going against Jeroboam.”The people listen to the LORD’s words and turn back from fighting Jeroboam.
- 1 Kings 12:24 (BSB)“that this is what the LORD says: ‘You are not to go up and fight against your brothers, the Israelites. Each of you must return home, for this is My doing.’” So they listened to the word of the LORD and turned back according to the word of the LORD.”The parallel account also says they listened and turned back according to the word of the LORD.
- 1 Samuel 15:22 (BSB)“But Samuel declared: “Does the LORD delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as in obedience to His voice? Behold, obedience is better than sacrifice, and attentiveness is better than the fat of rams.”Samuel teaches that obedience to the LORD’s voice is better than sacrifice.
- James 1:22 (BSB)“Be doers of the word, and not hearers only. Otherwise, you are deceiving yourselves.”James calls God’s people to do the word, not merely hear it.
Theological
True or False: Rehoboam disregarded the word given through Shemaiah and pressed on with the campaign against Jeroboam (2 Chronicles 11:4).
Answer: False
This is false. King and army heeded the LORD’s words and abandoned the campaign against Jeroboam (11:4). Rehoboam’s submission here is real obedience, since it meant accepting the division as the LORD’s doing. The parallel in 1 Kings records the same response (1 Kings 12:24). The scene illustrates the principle Samuel set before Saul, that God values heeding Him above ritual offerings (1 Samuel 15:22), and the apostolic call to practice the word rather than merely hear it (James 1:22).
- 2 Chronicles 11:4 (BSB)“that this is what the LORD says: ‘You are not to go up and fight against your brothers. Each of you must return home, for this is My doing.’” So they listened to the words of the LORD and turned back from going against Jeroboam.”The people listen to the LORD’s words and turn back from fighting Jeroboam.
- 1 Kings 12:24 (BSB)“that this is what the LORD says: ‘You are not to go up and fight against your brothers, the Israelites. Each of you must return home, for this is My doing.’” So they listened to the word of the LORD and turned back according to the word of the LORD.”The parallel account also says they listened and turned back according to the word of the LORD.
- 1 Samuel 15:22 (BSB)“But Samuel declared: “Does the LORD delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as in obedience to His voice? Behold, obedience is better than sacrifice, and attentiveness is better than the fat of rams.”Samuel teaches that obedience to the LORD’s voice is better than sacrifice.
- James 1:22 (BSB)“Be doers of the word, and not hearers only. Otherwise, you are deceiving yourselves.”James calls God’s people to do the word, not merely hear it.
General
The newcomers made Judah strong and stood behind Rehoboam for three years. What reason does the text give (2 Chronicles 11:17)?
Answer: Because for that time they followed David’s and Solomon’s ways
The faithful people who came from the north made Judah strong and backed Rehoboam for three years, since during that time they lived as David and Solomon had lived (11:17). The time limit is a quiet warning: the next chapter opens by saying that once his kingdom was strong, he and the people abandoned the LORD’s law (12:1). Chronicles teaches the same thing later: the LORD stays with His people while they stay with Him (15:2), and He stood by Jehoshaphat because that king followed the early example of David (17:3-4).
- 2 Chronicles 11:17 (BSB)“So they strengthened the kingdom of Judah and supported Rehoboam son of Solomon for three years, because they walked for three years in the way of David and Solomon.”Judah is strengthened for three years because they walked in the way of David and Solomon.
- 2 Chronicles 12:1 (BSB)“After Rehoboam had established his sovereignty and royal power, he and all Israel with him forsook the Law of the LORD.”Once Rehoboam is established, he and the people forsake the Law of the LORD.
- 2 Chronicles 15:2 (BSB)“So he went out to meet Asa and said to him, “Listen to me, Asa and all Judah and Benjamin. The LORD is with you when you are with Him. If you seek Him, He will be found by you, but if you forsake Him, He will forsake you.”Azariah states that the LORD is with His people when they are with Him.
- 2 Chronicles 17:3-4 (BSB)“Now the LORD was with Jehoshaphat because he walked in the earlier ways of his father David. He did not seek the Baals, but he sought the God of his father and walked by His commandments rather than the practices of Israel.”The LORD is with Jehoshaphat because he walked in David’s earlier ways.
Theological
Why, according to 2 Chronicles 11:17, did Judah’s strength and support for Rehoboam last three years?
Answer: Because for that time they followed David’s and Solomon’s ways
Judah’s strength and the support given to Rehoboam lasted three years, because for that span they followed the pattern set by David and Solomon (11:17). The limit anticipates what follows: once Rehoboam was secure, king and people alike abandoned God’s law (12:1). The principle is one Chronicles repeats: the LORD remains with His people as long as they remain with Him (15:2), and His presence with Jehoshaphat is likewise tied to walking in David’s earlier ways (17:3-4). Blessing is linked to covenant faithfulness throughout the book.
- 2 Chronicles 11:17 (BSB)“So they strengthened the kingdom of Judah and supported Rehoboam son of Solomon for three years, because they walked for three years in the way of David and Solomon.”Judah is strengthened for three years because they walked in the way of David and Solomon.
- 2 Chronicles 12:1 (BSB)“After Rehoboam had established his sovereignty and royal power, he and all Israel with him forsook the Law of the LORD.”Once Rehoboam is established, he and the people forsake the Law of the LORD.
- 2 Chronicles 15:2 (BSB)“So he went out to meet Asa and said to him, “Listen to me, Asa and all Judah and Benjamin. The LORD is with you when you are with Him. If you seek Him, He will be found by you, but if you forsake Him, He will forsake you.”Azariah states that the LORD is with His people when they are with Him.
- 2 Chronicles 17:3-4 (BSB)“Now the LORD was with Jehoshaphat because he walked in the earlier ways of his father David. He did not seek the Baals, but he sought the God of his father and walked by His commandments rather than the practices of Israel.”The LORD is with Jehoshaphat because he walked in David’s earlier ways.